Mobile applications for students with ADHD

Mobile applications (apps) are just recently becoming useful tools for people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These programs provide a range of features and capabilities for controlling the symptoms of ADHD, increasing productivity, and improving organization. Task management, time management, enhanced focus, cognitive training, self-monitoring, mindfulness, and education are among them. According to research, several mobile apps may help people with ADHD by improving their symptom management, time management, attention, and cognitive abilities. However, the efficacy of certain applications may vary, and more study is needed to ascertain their long-term usefulness. When choosing and incorporating apps into an intervention strategy, individual needs, preferences, and app features must be taken into account. It is advised to work together with medical experts or ADHD specialists for individualized advice on how to use mobile apps successfully. Mobile apps have the potential to significantly help people with ADHD, improve their self-management, and improve their general well-being.


Introduction
ADHD is referred to as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. It is a neurodevelopmental condition that starts in childhood and lasts till adulthood. According to Fiks et al. (2016), persons with ADHD exhibit patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are more severe and frequent than those that are usual for people their age and developmental stage.
People with ADHD usually have trouble concentrating on tasks, managing their time, and sustaining their attention. They may consistently struggle with activities demanding continuous mental effort, make many careless mistakes, and have trouble following instructions. Especially with repetitious or mentally taxing chores or activities, people with ADHD usually find it difficult to stay focused. They could have trouble planning their workload, managing their belongings, and sticking to deadlines. They could regularly overlook important facts and lose things. Individuals with ADHD find it challenging to concentrate on the activity at hand since they are quickly distracted by outside stimuli like noises or movements. They could have trouble hearing well and paying attention to instructions or directions (Richardson et al., 2017).
to concentration are a few examples of tools that assistive technology may offer. These tools help lessen distractions and increase productivity (Wang & Lee, 2018). The ability to plan ahead, manage time effectively, and maintain routines is one of the main issues for people with ADHD. With the help of digital calendars, reminder programs, and task management tools, people can plan their days, create reminders, and track their progress. These tools provide better time management and organization (Wang & Lee, 2018).
Memory and knowledge Management: People with ADHD may have trouble remembering things and keeping knowledge in their heads. Using note-taking software, voice recorders, and digital organizers are examples of assistive technology features that make it easier to effectively collect and organize information. These solutions make sure that important information is readily available, lowering the possibility that people will forget or ignore critical particulars (Wang & Lee, 2018). Different learning styles and preferences may be present in people with ADHD, which has to be taken into account. To address different learning needs, assistive technology offers a range of learning aids, including interactive software, multimedia presentations, and adaptive learning platforms. For those with ADHD, these tools help increase interest, understanding, and memory (Wang & Lee, 2018).
Increasing Independence and Self-Advocacy: With the use of assistive technology, people with ADHD may take charge of their own learning, planning, and productivity. By using assistive technology tools, people may improve their selfawareness, self-control, and sense of advocacy. They actively participate in coping with their ADHD symptoms and achieving their goals (Wang & Lee, 2018).
Enhancing Communication and Social Interaction abilities: People with ADHD may use assistive technology to enhance their communication and social interaction abilities. Applications for social skills training, speech-generating devices, and communication aids may all help people speak more effectively and feel more at ease in social settings (Wang et al., 2018).
Providing structure, support, and adjustments, assistive technology tools may help people with ADHD symptoms feel less anxious and more confident. People with ADHD often feel more self-assured, less irritated, and in control of their everyday life when they have access to resources that assist them manage their issues (Wang, & Lee, 2018).
Importantly, assistive technology should be used in addition to other methods and treatments advised by medical experts. The goal is to create a complete strategy that takes into account each person's unique needs, enhances their overall wellbeing, and helps them successfully manage their ADHD (Wagner & Bratt, 2018).

Negative Consequences of Assisted Technology
Despite the fact that assistive technology may aid people with ADHD in a variety of ways, it is important to understand that using it may also come with downsides or challenges. Think about the following potential drawbacks: Overreliance or Dependence on Assistive Technology: People with ADHD may become too reliant on assistive technology, depending on it rather than learning critical abilities or coping mechanisms to control their symptoms. The use of assistive technology as a supporting tool and the encouragement of the development of autonomous skills must be balanced, according to Wagner and Bratt (2018).
Accessibility and affordability: Some assistive technology tools and gadgets may be out of reach for individuals who may benefit from them but cannot pay the associated expenses. Disparities in opportunity for people with ADHD may come from access restrictions to essential assistive technologies (Wagner & Bratt, 2018).
Learning Curve and adaptability: Developing successful use of assistive technology aids may need patience, perseverance, and adaptability. Some individuals with ADHD could struggle to use and integrate new technology into their daily routines, or they might get frustrated at first while getting used to the tools (Baumgart & Law, 2018).
Technical Problems and Dependence: Assistive technology aids are prone to technical problems, compatibility problems, and software changes that might affect how well they work. When technological problems occur, dependence on technology may offer challenges that frustrate or disturb everyday living (Baumgart & Law, 2018).
Stigmatization and Social Difficulties: When using certain assistive technology tools, people with ADHD may feel stigmatized or singled out, especially if they stand out or draw attention. In particular in educational or professional environments, this might have a detrimental effect on self-esteem or lead to social problems (Lahm et al., 2019).
While assistive technology may aid in managing distractions, it's crucial to be mindful of any possible diversions or misuses that might result from the device itself. For instance, excessive usage of software functions or digital devices may lead to unintentional diversions or technological abuse (Lahm et al., 2019). Individual Variability: Not all ADHD sufferers will benefit from assistive technology. Because each person's experience with ADHD and its symptoms is different, what works for one person may not work for another. When choosing and using assistive technology, individual needs and preferences must be taken into consideration (Lombardi & Larron, 2018).
It's crucial to think of assistive technology as an addition to all-encompassing ADHD treatment techniques and interventions. Regular review, continuing assistance, and a well-balanced strategy that includes various approaches and supports are crucial for ensuring its optimum and suitable usage. In order to solve any possible issues or drawbacks related to the use of assistive technology, collaboration with healthcare experts and specialists in the field may provide direction and support (Lombardi & Larnon, 2018).

ADHD apps for mobile devices
For symptom control, organization, and productivity, digital or mobile apps made for people with ADHD may be very helpful. These programs provide a range of features and capabilities designed specifically to meet the needs of people with ADHD (Parker & Jessel, 2016). One kind of digital ADHD program focuses on time and task management. To help people with ADHD adhere to schedules and meet deadlines, these programs usually contain timers, alarms, and reminders. Users may create task lists, set priorities, and divide activities into manageable phases. These apps help users better manage their time and lessen procrastination by using visual indications and alerts (Parker & Jessel, 2016).
Applications in a different category are those that emphasize focus and attention. To draw in and keep users' attention, these apps make use of strategies including gamification, interactive activities, and audiovisual stimulation. They could provide exercises that improve the brain's ability to block out distractions and sustain focus. These programs provide an organized and encouraging environment for people with ADHD to develop their attention skills by including elements like progress tracking and incentives (Parker & Jessel, 2016).
Digital apps may also help with information management and memory. These programs often provide note-taking features that let users write down and arrange information in many forms, such text, audio files, and photos. Some programs enable users to view their notes from many platforms thanks to cross-device syncing. These technologies make it easier for people to save and retrieve important information, which reduces the risk that important information will be neglected or ignored (Baumgart & Law, 2018).
Additionally, there are online tools for controlling ADHD medication. These programs may remind users to take their medications, track drug compliance, and provide details on prescription regimens and any side effects. They help people maintain a regular medication schedule, ensuring the best symptom control (Parker & Jessel, 2016).
Digital tools may also support ADHD sufferers with their social and emotional needs. Some programs include tools for introspection, mood tracking, and emotional control. These programs might include guided mindfulness exercises, mood diaries, and journaling prompts. They help people with ADHD become more self-aware, regulate their emotions, and see patterns that have an impact on their wellbeing (Parker & Jessel, 2016).
Even while these digital tools may help persons with ADHD, it's important to take into account each person's preferences, needs, and the unique qualities of each app. To choose the most suitable apps for personal use, it is advised to research several possibilities, read user reviews, and speak with healthcare experts or ADHD specialists. Additionally, to treat ADHD symptoms successfully, the use of digital apps should be integrated into a complete approach that also includes other techniques, therapies, and support networks (Parker & Jessel, 2016).

Applications for ADHD
A popular task management tool called Todoist allows users to create and organize to-do lists, set deadlines, and get reminders. It offers features like prioritizing, subtasks, and teamwork, allowing people with ADHD to manage their duties and stay organized (Russell & Barkley, 2019).
A music app called attention@Will offers carefully chosen tracks that are intended to improve attention and concentration. By listening to a variety of instrumental music suited to their particular tastes and attention needs, people with ADHD are able to boost their productivity and reduce distractions (Gupta & Sharma, 2021).
With the flexible note-taking app Evernote, users may make and organize notes, take voice recordings, write down ideas, and store online content. It makes it easy for people with ADHD to access and retrieve information by providing seamless synchronization across devices and powerful search features (Bergman et al., 2016). Forest: Forest is a cuttingedge productivity app that uses gamification to help users stay focused and reduce distractions.
Users create a schedule and a virtual tree that develops as long as they don't use their phone or close the program. People with ADHD may be motivated to stay focused by the visual depiction of concentrated time it gives (Bar-Haim et al., 2015). A complete task management tool called MyLifeOrganized allows users to build and arrange tasks, set priorities, and make nested lists. To help people with ADHD break down difficult activities and successfully manage their time, it provides reminders, due dates, and time estimations (Russell & Barkley, 2019).
The popular meditation and mindfulness software Headspace offers guided meditation routines and mindfulness activities. In order to help people with ADHD manage their attention and emotions, it offers an organized method for calming down, releasing tension, and improving concentration (Cavanagh & Millings, 2013). An app called Medisafe was created to help people with ADHD follow their medication schedules. It delivers refill alerts, tracks adherence, and gives medication dosage reminders. According to Martinez-Pérez et al. (2015), it may help maintain a regular medication schedule and ensure effective symptom control.
It is crucial to understand that different people may respond differently to these apps in terms of effectiveness and fit. When choosing and using certain programs, it is advised to research them, read user reviews, and take into consideration one's own tastes and needs.
Working with medical experts or ADHD specialists may provide extra advice on how to choose the best apps for personal usage (Parker & Jessel, 2016).

Mobile technology-based ADHD treatment
It is feasible to include mobile applications (apps) into comprehensive therapies for people with ADHD. Apps may assist people in managing their symptoms, organizing themselves better, and being more productive when used appropriately. According to Coghill & Seth (2011), the following are some examples of mobile apps that may be utilized as therapies for ADHD: Task Breakdown and Organization: Apps may help persons with ADHD organize their tasks, set priorities, and effectively manage their time. Task management programs that include to-do lists, reminders, and calendars may assist organize daily tasks and lessen procrastination and neglect (Coghill & Seth, 2011). Apps may provide resources for time management, planning, and time-blocking techniques. These characteristics may help people with ADHD manage their time, focus on their tasks, and minimize distractions. By setting reminders and leveraging productivity tools, people may boost their productivity and fulfill deadlines (Kollins et al., 2019).
Among other strategies, gamification, interactive workouts, and audiovisual stimulation may be used in apps that aim to improve focus and attention. These programs may provide organized activities that grab and hold users' attention, helping people with ADHD become more focused and able to concentrate (Van Dyke & Priest, 2008). Some software programs provide cognitive training activities that concentrate on certain mental processes affected by ADHD, such working memory and attention. These exercises may aid people in developing their cognitive skills and enhancing their capacity to focus, recall information, and carry out activities more effectively (Kauer et al., 2012).
Self-Monitoring and Feedback: Apps with self-monitoring tools let users keep tabs on their development, actions, and routines in relation to ADHD. Data may be represented visually to show trends, advantages, and places for development. This self-awareness may help people develop self-regulation techniques and a better understanding of their symptoms (Kauer et al., 2012). Apps that emphasize mindfulness and relaxation methods may help people with ADHD manage their stress, enhance their emotional control, and improve their general well-being. These apps include guided breathing exercises, relaxation methods, and meditation activities that encourage calmness and lessen anxiety (Choi et al., 2018).
Mobile apps may include instructional materials, articles, or interactive modules with details about ADHD, its symptoms, and treatment options. These tools may provide users with information, aid in understanding their conditions, and offer techniques for self-advocacy (Glynn et al., 2018).
Mobile apps should be used as part of an ADHD intervention, but it's important to take into account each user's demands, preferences, and app's characteristics. Apps should be selected based on their evidence-base, usability, and alignment with specific goals (Richardson et al., 2017). The incorporation of apps within a thorough treatment strategy is also advised. This treatment strategy may also include additional treatments like counseling, medicine, or behavioral techniques. Working with healthcare experts or ADHD specialists may provide advice on choosing and incorporating mobile apps into a person's ADHD treatment plan (Glynn et al., 2018).

Methodology
Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies are widely used in the area of study that looks at mobile apps for ADHD, while the frequency of each methodology may differ.
In order to understand patterns, trends, and statistical correlations, quantitative research involves gathering and analyzing numerical data. The majority of quantitative research on mobile apps for ADHD focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of particular applications by surveys, controlled tests, or impartial assessments. These research might examine the impact of app use on cognitive function, functional results, or symptoms of ADHD. (Richardson et al., 2017) Quantitative research increases the generalizability of results to wider groups and offers crucial statistical proof.
Comparatively, qualitative research places a stronger emphasis on examining and comprehending subjective experiences, viewpoints, and meanings. In-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or observations are often used in qualitative research on mobile apps for ADHD to elucidate users' app-using experiences. This approach helps researchers understand the viewpoints, preferences, and challenges related to app use. According to (Richardson et al., 2017), qualitative research may give detailed, contextualized information that complements quantitative data and offers a greater understanding of how mobile apps affect people with ADHD.
Each quantitative and qualitative research methodology has benefits and drawbacks.
While qualitative studies provide a plethora of information about unique individual experiences and subjective views, quantitative studies offer statistical proof and allow generalization. The study's unique aims, research questions, and budget constraints often have an impact on the choice between quantitative and qualitative methods. To fully understand the effect of mobile apps for ADHD, several research use a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative and qualitative methodologies. In order to fully comprehend the subject, researchers may use this integrated strategy to gather both quantitative data for statistical analysis and qualitative data for in-depth examination (Richardson et al., 2017).
Quantitative strategies seem to be more common than qualitative ones in the area of research evaluating mobile apps for ADHD. Numerous research in this area evaluate the effectiveness of certain apps and how they affect objective outcomes like cognitive functioning and symptoms of ADHD. These studies usually use quantitative techniques to gather quantitative data that can be statistically examined, including surveys, controlled experiments, and standardized exams. Quantitative approaches enable researchers to examine patterns, trends, and statistical linkages, enabling generalizable conclusions and more extensive study (Richardson et al., 2017).
Although quantitative research predominates in the sector, qualitative research is becoming recognized for its value in understanding the subjective experiences and views of people with ADHD who use mobile apps. Qualitative research sheds light on the intricacies of users' experiences and the contextual aspects that affect app adoption by offering insights into their motivations, challenges, and preferences. Along with quantitative data, qualitative approaches like focus groups, interviews, and observations provide for a better understanding of how mobile apps affect people's lives (Tse & Shah, 2017).
Although quantitative techniques are more common in the area of study looking at mobile apps for ADHD, there is an increasing appreciation of the significance of adding qualitative methods to get a more in-depth knowledge of the subject. By combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies, researchers may acquire a thorough knowledge of the effectiveness, user experiences, and wider implications of mobile apps for ADHD (Richardson et al., 2017).
More specifically, mobile apps may be beneficial support tools for people with ADHD. They provide a wide range of features and capabilities that help people manage their symptoms, stay organized, and be more productive. By using task and time management tools, people may more effectively plan their tasks, set priorities, and stay on track (Santesteban-Echarri et al., 2017). By utilizing applications that emphasize attention and concentration, people with ADHD may participate in exercises that enhance their capacity for sustained attention and decrease distractions. Applications for cognitive training may target certain cognitive processes affected by ADHD, such as working memory or attention. By allowing users to track their development, actions, and symptoms, self-monitoring software help users develop self-awareness and self-control. Apps for mindfulness and relaxation provide approaches for emotional and stress management. According to Bateman et al. (2017), the applications include information about ADHD and symptom treatment techniques.
The usefulness of mobile applications for ADHD, however, may differ depending on the user, and further study is necessary to determine the long-term efficacy of certain apps. When choosing and incorporating apps into an intervention strategy, it is important to take into consideration users' preferences, requirements, and the unique characteristics of each app. Mobile apps need to be used as a component of an all-encompassing treatment strategy that can also contain counseling, medicine, or behavioral techniques (Santesteban-Echarri et al., 2017).
The choice and use of mobile apps for ADHD treatment might be guided by collaboration with healthcare experts or ADHD specialists. Mobile apps generally have the ability to provide beneficial support, empowerment, and aid in managing the challenges connected with ADHD. They may improve the organization, focus, productivity, and general well-being of ADHD patients when administered effectively and in combination with other therapies (Bateman et al., 2017).

Acknowledgments
The Authors would like to thank Net Media Lab Mind-Brain R&D Team for their support.

Disclosure of conflict of interest
The Authors proclaim no conflict of interest.